Ishtirakiyat
Socialism / communism; collective ownership. Iqbal sympathised with its revolt against capitalist greed and its concern for the worker, but rejected its atheism and pure economic materialism.
Sarmayadari
Capitalism; rule of capital. Iqbal denounced it as a system in which a few hoard wealth wrung from the labour and blood of the many, and called the worker to rise against it.
Maddiyat
Materialism; the doctrine that matter is all. Iqbal held it the root malady of modern Western civilization — vast in power over things, blind to spirit and the self.
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818-1883), German thinker, founder of scientific socialism; Iqbal saw him as a prophet without revelation, praising his stand for the oppressed worker yet faulting his materialism and denial of God.
Lenin
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), leader of the Russian Revolution; Iqbal's poem 'Lenin (Khuda ke Huzoor mein)' has Lenin address God, indicting capitalist Europe's exploitation while exposing the spiritual void of the godless order.