Communism
Communism; the classless collectivist order. Iqbal weighed it as a revolt against capitalist injustice with which he sympathised, but rejected its atheism, calling instead for a justice rooted in God.
Ishtirakiyat
Socialism / communism; collective ownership. Iqbal sympathised with its revolt against capitalist greed and its concern for the worker, but rejected its atheism and pure economic materialism.
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818-1883), German thinker, founder of scientific socialism; Iqbal saw him as a prophet without revelation, praising his stand for the oppressed worker yet faulting his materialism and denial of God.
Lenin
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), leader of the Russian Revolution; Iqbal's poem 'Lenin (Khuda ke Huzoor mein)' has Lenin address God, indicting capitalist Europe's exploitation while exposing the spiritual void of the godless order.