Reconstruction
Iqbal's 'The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam' (1930), his major prose work in English engaging Bergson, Einstein, Whitehead and modern science to rethink Islamic philosophy.
Bergson
Henri Bergson (1859-1941), French philosopher of intuition, duration (durée) and creative evolution (élan vital); Iqbal drew on his dynamic view of time and life in his Reconstruction lectures.
Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), physicist of relativity; Iqbal cited his theory in the Reconstruction as evidence that modern science itself had dissolved the old fixed, mechanical view of time and matter.
Ijtihad
Independent reasoning to derive judgements in Islamic law; striving of the disciplined mind.
Ilm-e-Jadid
'Modern knowledge / new science' — the empirical sciences of the contemporary West. Iqbal urged Muslims to acquire it as their own lost inheritance, not to be dazzled or enslaved by it.